Integrated management strategies

Oct 13, 2025 by magicalceylontours.com 72 views

Eleusine Indica Resistant-Glifosat: Screening, Mixed, Double Resistance, and Management

Introduction

Weeds (Eleusine indica) have become a serious problem in oil palm plantations due to their ability to reduce crop yields. In North Sumatra, E. Indica is reported to be resistant to glyphosate, herbicides that are often used on plantations. The repeated use of the same herbicide triggers the evolution of resistance in weeds, including E. indica. This study investigated glyphosate resistance in E. Indica in North Sumatra with four stages: single resistance screening, mixed herbicide testing, double resistance, and management.

First Stage: Single Resistance Screening

Glyphosate resistance in E. Indica is a significant concern in oil palm plantations. This study aimed to determine the distribution of E. Resistant-Glifosat indica in oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. E. Indica seeds were collected from 11 districts and sprayed with glyphosate at a dosage of 720 g b.A./ha. The results showed that 65.56% of the E. resistant indica population was resistant to glyphosate, 20.90% was resistant, and 13.54% was sensitive to glyphosate. These findings indicate that E. Indica resistance-glifosat is a widespread problem in North Sumatra oil palm plantations.

The high level of resistance to glyphosate in E. Indica is a result of the repeated use of this herbicide in oil palm plantations. Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide due to its effectiveness and low cost. However, its overuse has led to the development of resistant weed biotypes, including E. Indica. The resistance of E. Indica to glyphosate has significant implications for oil palm production in North Sumatra, as it reduces the effectiveness of this herbicide and increases the risk of crop yield losses.

Second Stage: Mixed Herbicide Testing

This stage tested whether the Biotype E. Resistant-Glifosat indica is also resistant to the mixture of MSMA+Diuron herbicide. Two biotypes with the highest glyphosate resistance from each district were tested by spraying MSMA+Diuron and Glyphosate. The results showed that MSMA+Diuron is more effective in controlling E. Resistant-glifosate indica than glyphosate. This finding suggests that the use of mixed herbicides can delay the development of resistance in E. Indica.

The use of mixed herbicides is a strategy to delay the development of resistance in weeds. By using a combination of herbicides with different modes of action, farmers can reduce the selection pressure on the weed population and delay the development of resistance. However, the use of mixed herbicides is not a long-term solution, as the weed population will eventually develop resistance to the new herbicide.

Third Stage: Double Resistance

This study aimed to determine whether the Biotype E. Resistant-Glifosate indica also shows resistance to other herbicides such as parakat, ammonium glufosinate, and triclopir. Three biotypes with the highest glyphosate resistance were tested with various doses of herbicide. The results showed that ammonium glufosinate and azonlopir are more effective in controlling E. indica than glyphosate and parakat.

The development of double resistance in E. Indica is a significant concern for oil palm production in North Sumatra. The resistance of E. Indica to multiple herbicides reduces the effectiveness of these herbicides and increases the risk of crop yield losses. The use of herbicides with different modes of action can delay the development of double resistance, but it is not a long-term solution.

Fourth Stage: Management of E. Resistant-Glifosat Indica

This stage evaluated the effectiveness of pre-growth and full-growth herbicide in controlling E. Indica resistant-glifosate. Indaziflam herbicides, minister, and oxifluorfen (pre-growth) and potassium glyphosate, mesotrion, and propaquizafop (full-growth) were tested on Biotype E. Indica resistant-glifosate. The results showed that pre-growth herbicides are more effective in controlling E. indica than full-growth herbicides. Indaziflam and Oksifluorfen are proven to be the most effective, followed by minister, propaquizafop, potassium glyphosate, and mesotrion.

The management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica requires integrated strategies, including the use of pre-growth herbicides such as Indaziflam and Oksifluorfen, as well as herbicide rotations with different modes of action. The use of pre-growth herbicides can reduce the risk of crop yield losses by controlling E. Indica before it reaches the full-growth stage. Herbicide rotations with different modes of action can delay the development of resistance in E. Indica.

Conclusion

This study shows that E. Indica resistance-glifosat is a serious problem in North Sumatra oil palm plantations. The use of herbicides with different modes of action such as MSMA+Diuron, ammonium glufosinate, and triclopir can delay resistance, but do not eliminate them. Management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica requires integrated strategies, including the use of pre-growth herbicides such as Indaziflam and Oksifluorfen, as well as herbicide rotations with different modes of action.

By understanding the pattern of resistance and adopting the right management strategy, plantation companies can reduce the negative impact of E. Resistant-Glifosat indica and increase the sustainability of oil palm production in North Sumatra. The findings of this study have significant implications for oil palm production in North Sumatra and highlight the need for integrated management strategies to control E. Indica resistance-glifosat.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Use of pre-growth herbicides: The use of pre-growth herbicides such as Indaziflam and Oksifluorfen can reduce the risk of crop yield losses by controlling E. Indica before it reaches the full-growth stage.
Herbicide rotations: Herbicide rotations with different modes of action can delay the development of resistance in E. Indica.
Integrated management strategies: The management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica requires integrated strategies, including the use of pre-growth herbicides and herbicide rotations with different modes of action.
Monitoring of resistance: Regular monitoring of resistance in E. Indica is essential to understand the pattern of resistance and adopt the right management strategy.
Education and training: Plantation companies and farmers should be educated and trained on the use of pre-growth herbicides and herbicide rotations with different modes of action to manage E. Resistant-Glifosate indica effectively.

By adopting these recommendations, plantation companies can reduce the negative impact of E. Resistant-Glifosat indica and increase the sustainability of oil palm production in North Sumatra.
Eleusine Indica Resistant-Glifosat: Screening, Mixed, Double Resistance, and Management - Q&A

Introduction

Weeds (Eleusine indica) have become a serious problem in oil palm plantations due to their ability to reduce crop yields. In North Sumatra, E. Indica is reported to be resistant to glyphosate, herbicides that are often used on plantations. This study investigated glyphosate resistance in E. Indica in North Sumatra with four stages: single resistance screening, mixed herbicide testing, double resistance, and management. In this Q&A article, we will answer some of the most frequently asked questions about E. Indica resistant-glifosat.

Q: What is E. Indica resistant-glifosat?

A: E. Indica resistant-glifosat refers to the resistance of Eleusine indica to glyphosate, a widely used herbicide in oil palm plantations.

Q: Why is E. Indica resistant-glifosat a problem?

A: E. Indica resistant-glifosat is a problem because it reduces the effectiveness of glyphosate and increases the risk of crop yield losses. The repeated use of glyphosate has led to the development of resistant weed biotypes, including E. Indica.

Q: What are the stages of E. Indica resistant-glifosat?

A: The stages of E. Indica resistant-glifosat are:

Single resistance screening: This stage involves testing the resistance of E. Indica to glyphosate.
Mixed herbicide testing: This stage involves testing the resistance of E. Indica to a mixture of herbicides.
Double resistance: This stage involves testing the resistance of E. Indica to multiple herbicides.
Management: This stage involves evaluating the effectiveness of pre-growth and full-growth herbicides in controlling E. Indica resistant-glifosate.

Q: What are the management strategies for E. Indica resistant-glifosat?

A: The management strategies for E. Indica resistant-glifosat include:

Use of pre-growth herbicides: The use of pre-growth herbicides such as Indaziflam and Oksifluorfen can reduce the risk of crop yield losses by controlling E. Indica before it reaches the full-growth stage.
Herbicide rotations: Herbicide rotations with different modes of action can delay the development of resistance in E. Indica.
Integrated management strategies: The management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica requires integrated strategies, including the use of pre-growth herbicides and herbicide rotations with different modes of action.

Q: How can plantation companies reduce the negative impact of E. Resistant-Glifosat indica?

A: Plantation companies can reduce the negative impact of E. Resistant-Glifosat indica by adopting integrated management strategies, including the use of pre-growth herbicides and herbicide rotations with different modes of action.

Q: What is the importance of monitoring resistance in E. Indica?

A: Regular monitoring of resistance in E. Indica is essential to understand the pattern of resistance and adopt the right management strategy.

Q: How can farmers be educated and trained on the management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica?

A: Farmers can be educated and trained on the management of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica through workshops, training programs, and extension services.

Q: What are the implications of E. Indica resistant-glifosat for oil palm production in North Sumatra?

A: The implications of E. Indica resistant-glifosat for oil palm production in North Sumatra are significant, as it reduces the effectiveness of glyphosate and increases the risk of crop yield losses.

Q: What are the future directions for research on E. Indica resistant-glifosat?

A: Future directions for research on E. Indica resistant-glifosat include:

Development of new herbicides: The development of new herbicides with different modes of action can help to delay the development of resistance in E. Indica.
Improvement of existing herbicides: The improvement of existing herbicides can help to increase their effectiveness and reduce the risk of crop yield losses.
Development of integrated management strategies: The development of integrated management strategies can help to reduce the negative impact of E. Resistant-Glifosate indica on oil palm production in North Sumatra.